This kingdom lasted almost 50 years, until Zahir Shah was overthrown in 1973, following which a republic was established. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, the country became free of foreign dominance, and eventually emerged as the independent Kingdom of Afghanistan in June 1926 under Amanullah Khan.
The British returned in 1879, in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, successfully establishing a British protected state over Afghanistan. The British empire would try to subjugate Afghanistan in the First Anglo-Afghan War, however they were repelled. During this time, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the " Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. before being reunited in the 19th century after wars of unification led by Dost Mohammad Khan. Following its fall decline after the death of Ahmad Shah Durrani and Timur Shah Durrani, smaller independent kingdoms of Herat, Kandahar and Kabul existed, as a result of the Durrani civil wars between Timur Shah's successors. The modern state of Afghanistan began with the Durrani dynasty in the 18th century, the empire at its peak ruling an area from eastern Iran to northern India. The various conquests and periods in both the Indian and Persian cultural spheres made the area a center for Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, and later Islam throughout history. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the Greco-Bactrians and the Mughals, among others, rose to form major empires. The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, Muslim Arabs, the Mongols, the British, the Soviet Union, and most recently by an American-led coalition. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic era, and the country's strategic location along the historic Silk Road connected it to the cultures of other parts of Asia as well as Europe, leaving behind a mosaic of ethnolinguistic and religious groups that has influenced the modern Afghan nation. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital. As of 2021, its population is 40.2 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominately mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest that are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south (including a short border with Pakistani-controlled Gilgit–Baltistan, a territory claimed by India), Iran to the west, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to the north, and Tajikistan and China to the northeast.
Afghanistan ( / æ f ˈ ɡ æ n ɪ s t æ n, æ f ˈ ɡ ɑː n ɪ s t ɑː n/ ( listen)), officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and South Asia.
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